This is a bulk-format anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody, clone CD28.2, a mouse IgG1 kappa raised against human CD28. CD28.2 is a widely characterised clone that recognises the extracellular domain of human CD28 and is broadly used to study T-cell costimulation and activation. The antibody is validated for flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry on frozen sections, and functional assays, making it suitable for both phenotyping and mechanistic in-vitro work. Because it reacts with human CD28, it is well suited to studies using primary human T cells, PBMCs, and human cell lines, including T-cell activation and expansion protocols. Supplied as a research-use-only (RUO) reagent in bulk milligram-to-gram quantities at low endotoxin levels, it is appropriate for cell-culture and functional applications where reagent purity and lot consistency matter. The bulk, low-endotoxin format supports scaled or repeated experiments such as large PBMC expansions, assay development, and standardised functional readouts, while keeping per-milligram cost predictable for high-throughput or long-running human immunology programmes.
CD28 is the principal costimulatory receptor on T cells and the prototypical "signal 2" for T-cell activation. It is a disulphide-linked homodimeric glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, expressed constitutively on most CD4+ and a large fraction of CD8+ T cells. CD28 binds the B7 ligands CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) on antigen-presenting cells. When engaged together with T-cell receptor recognition of peptide-MHC, CD28 signalling lowers the activation threshold, promotes IL-2 production, drives clonal expansion, supports survival through anti-apoptotic gene expression, and shapes effector differentiation. In the absence of CD28 costimulation, TCR engagement alone can drive anergy or tolerance. CD28 shares its ligands with the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4, which competes for B7 binding and counterbalances costimulation. Because of this central role, CD28 is a key node in immune regulation and immunotherapy research.